Skip to main content
Does the constitution explicitly guarantee equality or non-discrimination across language?
Map reflects constitutions in place as of May 2017.
Explicit guarantees of equality or non-discrimination across language include prohibitions of discrimination against any particular linguistic group, guarantees of equal rights, guarantees of equality before the law, and guarantees of overall equality for different linguistic groups in a country.
No specific provision
means that the constitution does not explicitly mention the right to equality or non-discrimination based on language for all citizens. This does not mean that the constitution denies this right, but that it does not explicitly include it.
Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
means the right to equality and/or non-discrimination is guaranteed for all citizens, but not specifically on the basis of language.
Aspirational
provision
means that the constitution protects the general right to equality and/or non-discrimination based on language but does not use language strong enough to be considered a guarantee. For example, constitutions in this category might state that the country aims to protect or promote equality based on language.
Guaranteed
right
means that the constitution protects the right to equality and/or non-discrimination based on language in authoritative language. For example, constitutions in this category might guarantee citizens’ right to equality based on language or make it the State’s responsibility to ensure this right.
Countries
Panama
- No specific provision
Barbados
- No specific provision
Denmark
- No specific provision
Dominica
- No specific provision
Mauritius
- No specific provision
Saudi Arabia
- No specific provision
Malta
- No specific provision
Solomon Islands
- No specific provision
Brunei
- No specific provision
Botswana
- No specific provision
Nauru
- No specific provision
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- No specific provision
New Zealand
- No specific provision
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
- No specific provision
Antigua and Barbuda
- No specific provision
Israel
- No specific provision
Greenland
- No specific provision
Australia
- No specific provision
Kiribati
- No specific provision
Grenada
- No specific provision
Bahamas
- No specific provision
Ireland
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Mozambique
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Montenegro
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Iraq
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Monaco
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Mexico
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Myanmar
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Namibia
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Mauritania
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Malaysia
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Jamaica
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Maldives
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Japan
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Madagascar
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
North Macedonia
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Liechtenstein
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Lebanon
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Latvia
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Laos
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Republic of Korea
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Luxembourg
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Afghanistan
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
The Netherlands
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Eswatini
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Yemen
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Vietnam
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Venezuela
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Uruguay
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
United States of America
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
United Arab Emirates
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Uganda
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Tuvalu
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Tunisia
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Trinidad and Tobago
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Tonga
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Togo
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Tanzania
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
St. Lucia
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Niger
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
St. Kitts and Nevis
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Spain
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Singapore
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Senegal
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Sao Tome and Principe
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
San Marino
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Poland
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
The Philippines
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Paraguay
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Papua New Guinea
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
India
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Pakistan
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Norway
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Indonesia
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Liberia
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Iceland
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Cameroon
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
El Salvador
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Cuba
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Costa Rica
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Republic of the Congo
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Comoros
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Chile
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Chad
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Central African Republic
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Canada
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Bulgaria
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
France
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Brazil
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Benin
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Belize
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Belgium
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Belarus
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Bangladesh
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Argentina
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Andorra
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Algeria
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Equatorial Guinea
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
China
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Greece
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Haiti
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Ghana
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Guatemala
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Guinea-Bissau
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Gabon
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Honduras
- Equality guaranteed, not specific to language
Sweden
- Aspirational provision
Sierra Leone
- Aspirational provision
South Sudan
- Guaranteed right
Sudan
- Guaranteed right
Bolivia
- Guaranteed right
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Guaranteed right
Kazakhstan
- Guaranteed right
Sri Lanka
- Guaranteed right
Kenya
- Guaranteed right
Somalia
- Guaranteed right
South Africa
- Guaranteed right
Bhutan
- Guaranteed right
Burkina Faso
- Guaranteed right
Slovenia
- Guaranteed right
Slovakia
- Guaranteed right
Burundi
- Guaranteed right
Cambodia
- Guaranteed right
Zambia
- Guaranteed right
Serbia
- Guaranteed right
Suriname
- Guaranteed right
Vanuatu
- Guaranteed right
Uzbekistan
- Guaranteed right
Turkmenistan
- Guaranteed right
Angola
- Guaranteed right
Armenia
- Guaranteed right
United Kingdom
- Guaranteed right
Austria
- Guaranteed right
Ukraine
- Guaranteed right
Azerbaijan
- Guaranteed right
Bahrain
- Guaranteed right
Turkey
- Guaranteed right
Switzerland
- Guaranteed right
Guyana
- Guaranteed right
Italy
- Guaranteed right
Guinea
- Guaranteed right
Timor-Leste
- Guaranteed right
Thailand
- Guaranteed right
Jordan
- Guaranteed right
Iran
- Guaranteed right
Syria
- Guaranteed right
Tajikistan
- Guaranteed right
Lithuania
- Guaranteed right
Cabo Verde
- Guaranteed right
Egypt
- Guaranteed right
Czech Republic
- Guaranteed right
Djibouti
- Guaranteed right
Morocco
- Guaranteed right
Dominican Republic
- Guaranteed right
Mongolia
- Guaranteed right
Ecuador
- Guaranteed right
Moldova
- Guaranteed right
Federated States of Micronesia
- Guaranteed right
Albania
- Guaranteed right
Lesotho
- Guaranteed right
Libya
- Guaranteed right
Marshall Islands
- Guaranteed right
Eritrea
- Guaranteed right
Mali
- Guaranteed right
Estonia
- Guaranteed right
Ethiopia
- Guaranteed right
Malawi
- Guaranteed right
Fiji
- Guaranteed right
Finland
- Guaranteed right
Cyprus
- Guaranteed right
Nepal
- Guaranteed right
Samoa
- Guaranteed right
Hungary
- Guaranteed right
Rwanda
- Guaranteed right
Russian Federation
- Guaranteed right
Romania
- Guaranteed right
Qatar
- Guaranteed right
Portugal
- Guaranteed right
Kuwait
- Guaranteed right
Kyrgyzstan
- Guaranteed right
Peru
- Guaranteed right
Colombia
- Guaranteed right
Croatia
- Guaranteed right
Germany
- Guaranteed right
Palau
- Guaranteed right
Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Guaranteed right
Oman
- Guaranteed right
Georgia
- Guaranteed right
Nigeria
- Guaranteed right
The Gambia
- Guaranteed right
Nicaragua
- Guaranteed right
Cote d'Ivoire
- Guaranteed right
Zimbabwe
- Guaranteed right
menu
menu
close
close
Home
{{ page.link_title || page.title }}
Follow us