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Does the constitution explicitly guarantee citizens’ right to free higher education?
Map reflects constitutions in place as of May 2017.
Right to free higher education means the constitution explicitly mentions a right to a right to free higher education or a right to free education at all levels.
No specific provision
means that the constitution does not explicitly mention free higher education. This does not mean that the constitution denies the right to free higher education, but that it does not explicitly include this right.
Aspirational provision
means that the constitution protects the right to free higher education, but does not use language strong enough to be considered a guarantee. For example, constitutions in this category might make it a state policy to promote free higher education.
To be progressively realized
means that the constitution specifies that the right to free higher education will be realized progressively or that free higher education will be implemented within a certain time period.
Scholarships guaranteed
means that the constitution guarantees scholarships to students generally, means-tested scholarships, or scholarships to make access possible for talented or deserving students.
Guaranteed
right
means that the constitution protects the right to free higher education in authoritative language. For example, constitutions in this category might guarantee citizens’ right to free higher education or make it the State’s responsibility to provide free higher education.
Countries
Afghanistan
- No specific provision
Niger
- No specific provision
Morocco
- No specific provision
Mozambique
- No specific provision
Myanmar
- No specific provision
Namibia
- No specific provision
Nauru
- No specific provision
The Netherlands
- No specific provision
New Zealand
- No specific provision
Nicaragua
- No specific provision
Norway
- No specific provision
Mongolia
- No specific provision
Oman
- No specific provision
Pakistan
- No specific provision
Palau
- No specific provision
Papua New Guinea
- No specific provision
Peru
- No specific provision
Poland
- No specific provision
Portugal
- No specific provision
Qatar
- No specific provision
Montenegro
- No specific provision
Monaco
- No specific provision
Rwanda
- No specific provision
Madagascar
- No specific provision
Kyrgyzstan
- No specific provision
Laos
- No specific provision
Latvia
- No specific provision
Lebanon
- No specific provision
Albania
- No specific provision
Libya
- No specific provision
Luxembourg
- No specific provision
North Macedonia
- No specific provision
Malawi
- No specific provision
Moldova
- No specific provision
Malaysia
- No specific provision
Maldives
- No specific provision
Mali
- No specific provision
Malta
- No specific provision
Marshall Islands
- No specific provision
Mauritania
- No specific provision
Mauritius
- No specific provision
Mexico
- No specific provision
Federated States of Micronesia
- No specific provision
Romania
- No specific provision
Samoa
- No specific provision
Republic of Korea
- No specific provision
Turkmenistan
- No specific provision
Tanzania
- No specific provision
Thailand
- No specific provision
Timor-Leste
- No specific provision
Togo
- No specific provision
Tonga
- No specific provision
Trinidad and Tobago
- No specific provision
Tunisia
- No specific provision
Turkey
- No specific provision
Tuvalu
- No specific provision
Syria
- No specific provision
Uganda
- No specific provision
United Arab Emirates
- No specific provision
United Kingdom
- No specific provision
United States of America
- No specific provision
Uzbekistan
- No specific provision
Vanuatu
- No specific provision
Yemen
- No specific provision
Zambia
- No specific provision
Tajikistan
- No specific provision
Switzerland
- No specific provision
San Marino
- No specific provision
Somalia
- No specific provision
Sao Tome and Principe
- No specific provision
Saudi Arabia
- No specific provision
Senegal
- No specific provision
- No specific provision
Sierra Leone
- No specific provision
Singapore
- No specific provision
Slovenia
- No specific provision
Solomon Islands
- No specific provision
South Africa
- No specific provision
Sweden
- No specific provision
South Sudan
- No specific provision
Spain
- No specific provision
Sri Lanka
- No specific provision
St. Kitts and Nevis
- No specific provision
St. Lucia
- No specific provision
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- No specific provision
Sudan
- No specific provision
Suriname
- No specific provision
Eswatini
- No specific provision
Kuwait
- No specific provision
Liberia
- No specific provision
Zimbabwe
- No specific provision
Republic of the Congo
- No specific provision
Central African Republic
- No specific provision
Chad
- No specific provision
Chile
- No specific provision
China
- No specific provision
Colombia
- No specific provision
Comoros
- No specific provision
Democratic Republic of the Congo
- No specific provision
Costa Rica
- No specific provision
Canada
- No specific provision
Cote d'Ivoire
- No specific provision
Croatia
- No specific provision
Cyprus
- No specific provision
Kiribati
- No specific provision
Denmark
- No specific provision
Djibouti
- No specific provision
Dominica
- No specific provision
Argentina
- No specific provision
Cabo Verde
- No specific provision
Cameroon
- No specific provision
El Salvador
- No specific provision
Belize
- No specific provision
Austria
- No specific provision
Bahamas
- No specific provision
Bahrain
- No specific provision
Bangladesh
- No specific provision
Barbados
- No specific provision
Antigua and Barbuda
- No specific provision
Belgium
- No specific provision
Benin
- No specific provision
Cambodia
- No specific provision
Bhutan
- No specific provision
Angola
- No specific provision
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- No specific provision
Botswana
- No specific provision
Brazil
- No specific provision
Brunei
- No specific provision
Burkina Faso
- No specific provision
Burundi
- No specific provision
Andorra
- No specific provision
Australia
- No specific provision
Equatorial Guinea
- No specific provision
Indonesia
- No specific provision
Guatemala
- No specific provision
Guinea-Bissau
- No specific provision
Haiti
- No specific provision
Honduras
- No specific provision
Hungary
- No specific provision
Iceland
- No specific provision
India
- No specific provision
Iraq
- No specific provision
Greenland
- No specific provision
Ireland
- No specific provision
Israel
- No specific provision
Algeria
- No specific provision
Jamaica
- No specific provision
Japan
- No specific provision
Jordan
- No specific provision
Kazakhstan
- No specific provision
Kenya
- No specific provision
Grenada
- No specific provision
Guinea
- No specific provision
France
- No specific provision
Germany
- No specific provision
Georgia
- No specific provision
Eritrea
- No specific provision
Estonia
- No specific provision
Ethiopia
- No specific provision
Gabon
- No specific provision
Finland
- No specific provision
Slovakia
- Aspirational provision
Uruguay
- Aspirational provision
Nigeria
- Aspirational provision
Czech Republic
- Aspirational provision
Iran
- Aspirational provision
Guyana
- Aspirational provision
Nepal
- Aspirational provision
Ghana
- To be progressively realized
Fiji
- To be progressively realized
The Gambia
- To be progressively realized
Lesotho
- To be progressively realized
Bulgaria
- Scholarships guaranteed
Vietnam
- Scholarships guaranteed
Panama
- Scholarships guaranteed
Azerbaijan
- Scholarships guaranteed
Paraguay
- Scholarships guaranteed
The Philippines
- Scholarships guaranteed
Serbia
- Scholarships guaranteed
Cuba
- Scholarships guaranteed
Italy
- Scholarships guaranteed
Liechtenstein
- Scholarships guaranteed
Greece
- Scholarships guaranteed
Venezuela
- Guaranteed right
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
- Guaranteed right
Armenia
- Guaranteed right
Ukraine
- Guaranteed right
Belarus
- Guaranteed right
Bolivia
- Guaranteed right
Dominican Republic
- Guaranteed right
Ecuador
- Guaranteed right
Egypt
- Guaranteed right
Lithuania
- Guaranteed right
Russian Federation
- Guaranteed right
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