WORLD Policy Analysis Center

Does legislation explicitly prohibit discrimination in promotions and/or demotions on the basis of race/ethnicity?

The term “race/ethnicity” includes references to ‘color’, ‘clan’, ‘ethnic origin’, or ‘ethnic groups’. For the purposes of this variable, the term “race/ethnicity” captures all of these definitions.

Promotions and/or demotions includes explicit legislative prohibitions against discrimination in promotions, advancement, discipline, demotions, and in certain cases, prohibition of discrimination in performance evaluations.

No prohibition means that legislation does not does not take an explicit approach to prohibiting discrimination in promotions and/or demotions on the basis of race/ethnicity in focus. This does not mean that legislation denies this guarantee.

General prohibition of discrimination in promotions and/or demotions means that legislation prohibits discrimination in promotions and/or demotions generally—for example, by prohibiting discrimination based on “any status” or stating no worker may be discriminated against. This general prohibition is not specifically extended on the basis of race/ethnicity.

Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity means that legislation extends a prohibition of discrimination at the workplace on the basis of race/ethnicity, but does not explicitly address discrimination in promotions nor demotions on this basis. These broad prohibitions use language that could extend prohibition of discrimination across any aspect of work.

Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition means that legislation either: a) extends an explicit race/ethnicity-specific prohibition of discrimination in promotions or demotions, or b) extends a broad prohibition of race/ethnicity-based workplace discrimination alongside a general prohibition of discrimination in promotions or demotions to all workers.

Countries

Afghanistan - No prohibition

Bahrain - No prohibition

Bangladesh - No prohibition

Bolivia - No prohibition

Botswana - No prohibition

Brunei - No prohibition

Cameroon - No prohibition

Chad - No prohibition

Democratic Republic of the Congo - No prohibition

Republic of the Congo - No prohibition

Dominica - No prohibition

Ecuador - No prohibition

Egypt - No prohibition

Ethiopia - No prohibition

Greenland - No prohibition

Haiti - No prohibition

India - No prohibition

Jamaica - No prohibition

Japan - No prohibition

Jordan - No prohibition

Democratic People's Republic of Korea - No prohibition

Republic of Korea - No prohibition

Kuwait - No prohibition

Laos - No prohibition

Lebanon - No prohibition

Libya - No prohibition

Liechtenstein - No prohibition

Malaysia - No prohibition

Marshall Islands - No prohibition

Micronesia, Federated States of - No prohibition

Monaco - No prohibition

Myanmar - No prohibition

Nauru - No prohibition

Nigeria - No prohibition

Oman - No prohibition

Pakistan - No prohibition

Palau - No prohibition

Papua New Guinea - No prohibition

The Philippines - No prohibition

Qatar - No prohibition

San Marino - No prohibition

Saudi Arabia - No prohibition

Singapore - No prohibition

Solomon Islands - No prohibition

Sri Lanka - No prohibition

St. Kitts and Nevis - No prohibition

St. Vincent and the Grenadines - No prohibition

Sudan - No prohibition

Switzerland - No prohibition

Thailand - No prohibition

Tonga - No prohibition

Tunisia - No prohibition

Uruguay - No prohibition

Vanuatu - No prohibition

Algeria - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Antigua and Barbuda - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Armenia - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Azerbaijan - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Belarus - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Canada - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Central African Republic - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Chile - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

China - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Colombia - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Costa Rica - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Cuba - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

El Salvador - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Equatorial Guinea - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Eritrea - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Finland - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Ghana - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Greece - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Guatemala - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Honduras - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Indonesia - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Iran - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Kazakhstan - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Kyrgyzstan - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Lesotho - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Lithuania - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Maldives - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Mali - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Mauritania - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Mongolia - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Mozambique - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Nepal - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Nicaragua - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Panama - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Paraguay - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Rwanda - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Somalia - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Eswatini - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Tajikistan - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Timor-Leste - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

United Arab Emirates - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

United States of America - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Uzbekistan - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Venezuela - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Vietnam - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Yemen - Broad prohibition of workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity

Albania - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Andorra - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Angola - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Argentina - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Australia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Austria - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Bahamas - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Barbados - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Belgium - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Belize - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Benin - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Bhutan - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Brazil - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Bulgaria - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Burkina Faso - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Burundi - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Cambodia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Cabo Verde - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Comoros - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Cote d'Ivoire - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Croatia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Cyprus - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Czech Republic - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Denmark - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Djibouti - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Dominican Republic - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Estonia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Fiji - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

France - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Gabon - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

The Gambia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Georgia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Germany - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Grenada - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Guinea - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Guinea-Bissau - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Guyana - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Hungary - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Iceland - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Iraq - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Ireland - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Israel - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Italy - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Kenya - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Kiribati - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Latvia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Liberia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Luxembourg - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

North Macedonia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Madagascar - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Malawi - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Malta - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Mauritius - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Mexico - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Moldova - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Montenegro - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Morocco - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Namibia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

The Netherlands - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

New Zealand - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Niger - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Norway - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Peru - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Poland - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Portugal - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Romania - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Russian Federation - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Samoa - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Sao Tome and Principe - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Senegal - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Serbia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Seychelles - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Sierra Leone - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Slovakia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Slovenia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

South Africa - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

South Sudan - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Spain - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

St. Lucia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Suriname - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Sweden - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Syria - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Tanzania - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Togo - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Trinidad and Tobago - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Türkiye - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Turkmenistan - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Tuvalu - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Uganda - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Ukraine - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

United Kingdom - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Zambia - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition

Zimbabwe - Yes, race/ethnicity-specific prohibition